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Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are vaccinations intended for the prevention of tuberculosis. Immunotherapy as a defence against TB was first proposed in 1890 by Robert Koch.〔Prabowo, S. et al. "Targeting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) by therapeutic vaccines." Med Microbiol Immunol 202 (2013): 95–1041. Print.〕 Today, the only approved tuberculosis vaccine is bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which has been around since 1921.〔White, A. et al. "Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine, MVA85A, Delivered by Aerosol to the Lungs of Macaques." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20 (2013): 663–672. Print.〕 About three out of every 10,000 people who get the vaccine experience side effects, which are usually minor except in severely immuno-depressed individuals. While BCG immunization provides fairly effective protection for infants and young children,〔 (including defence against TB meningitis and miliary TB),〔Hussey, G, T Hawkridge, and W Hanekom. "Childhood Tuberculosis: Old And New Vaccines." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 8.2 (2007): 148–154. Print.〕〔Verma, Indu, and Ajay Grover. "Antituberculous Vaccine Development: A Perspective For The Endemic World." Expert Review of Vaccines 8.11 (2009): 1547–1553. Print.〕 its efficacy in adults is variable,〔Karonga Prevention Trial Group. "Randomised controlled trial of single BCG, repeated BCG, or combined BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis in Malawi." The Lancet 348 (1996): 17–24. Print.〕 ranging from 0% to 80%.〔〔Tyne, A. et al. "TLR2-targeted secreted proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis areprotective as powdered pulmonary vaccines." Elsevier 31 (2013): 4322–4329. Print.〕 Several variables have been considered as responsible for the varying outcomes.〔 Demand for TB immunotherapy advancement exists because the disease has become increasingly drug-resistant.〔 Other tuberculosis vaccines are at various stages of development, including: * MVA85A * rBCG30 * 72F fusion protein * ESAT6-Ag85b fusion protein New vaccines are being developed by the Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, including TBVI and Aeras. == Vaccine development == To promote successful and lasting management of the TB epidemic, effective vaccination is required.〔Tameris, M. et al. "Safety and efficacy of MVA85A, a new tuberculosis vaccine, in infants previously vaccinated with BCG: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial." Lancet 381 (2013): 1021–1028. Print.〕 Although the World Health Organization (WHO) endorses a singular dose of BCG, revaccination with BCG has been standardized in most, but not all countries.〔〔 However, improved efficacy of multiple dosages has yet to be demonstrated.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tuberculosis vaccines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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